How to Write a Research Proposal

How to Write a Research Proposal The greatest resource is today’s world is knowledge, and the knowledge we have collectively as humans is doubling at a breakneck speed compared to previous centuries.One of the reasons knowledge is growing at such a fast rate is the amount of research being done nowadays.Before new knowledge can be added to the existing archive of world knowledge, an objective study must be undertaken, and it always begins with a question.For instance, if we wanted to learn if social media in any way influences the behavior of teens, we would ask the question “what are the effects of social media on teenage behavior?”Research is a complex process, and a very delicate one. Researchers cannot afford to make any mistakes.For that reason, just as a person building a house must first do a cost analysis and get an architect’s design, so too must a researcher plan out the research project before diving into the research process.This planning and preparation phase is captured in a document known as t he research proposal. In this article, we are going to look at what exactly the research proposal is and how to write one.WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROPOSAL? The research proposal is the document you prepare before embarking on the research process.It is a brief document that outlines your plan for the research project.You are required to prepare a research proposal before you do any data collection.When done well, the research proposal acts as a blueprint of your research process, outlining the various parts and how they fit together to make a complete project.This blueprint should demonstrate what you will do in the research process, how you will do it, and justify your research â€" why are you doing research on this particular topic?Without a research proposal, undertaking the study/research would be like attempting to build a castle without a blueprint which shows you where each room, stairway, window, door, and so on should be.The proposal provides you with the opportunity to actively plan out your research process.When you know what follows what, you are less likely to get overwhelmed by the scope of the project.Forward planning and organization are necessary for the successful completion of any project. Planning also ensures efficiency, which means there is less wastage of time and you can be done with your project within the set deadline.A good proposal involves careful, deliberate, thorough description of what the project will entail and how you will conduct it.This kind of practical thought process is crucial for success in any project.It ensures you don’t make any mistakes halfway through your research project and have to start all over again.The research proposal seeks to answer 7 critical questions:What is the research about? (Aims)What is already known about the topic? (Literature Review)What do we want to find out? (Research Questions)How will we acquire the information we need? (Methods)How long will the project take and what will it cost? (Resource s)Is this research project socially acceptable? (Ethics)What will be the benefits of conducting this research? (Expected outcomes)These 7 basic questions encompass the underlying logic of any research project.They are the questions that will come to most reader’s minds when evaluating whether your proposal is worthwhile and feasible.The questions reflect the general way of thinking about research.The answers to these questions are what comprises the content of your research proposal.Q1: What Is The Research About? (Aims)This is the most fundamental question about any research project. What is the topic? What precise information about the subject matter of this research can you provide? What is the research trying to accomplish?This is the information that the readers of the proposal need to form a basis for their evaluation of the project’s worth/feasibility. Without this information, they cannot judge if the methodology you plan to use is appropriate, or if you have enough time and resources to complete the project.The proposal should provide all the required information in a clear, precise, and succinct manner to ensure there is no misunderstanding.Q 2. What Is Already Known About The Topic? (Literature Review)Literature review concerns itself with what other researchers and scholars have uncovered about the project. It contains any relevant knowledge about the research topic that is out in the public domain.It draws information from a variety of sources, including books, papers, articles, audio-visual sources, and so on.The logic behind literature review is to prevent you from reinventing the wheel. In other words, if what you are planning to research has already been covered by previous researchers, there is no point in doing the research because it will not add any new knowledge. Doing literature review will help you develop a fresh take on the topic.The only instance where you can repeat research is if your project’s specified aim is to ascertain t he validity of earlier researchers’ findings.Q3. What Do We Want To Find Out? (Research Questions)After establishing the aims of your research and reviewing the existing literature on the subject, the next logical step is to ask yourself what new information is needed on the topic.The beauty of literature review is that it enables you to cross off any questions that have already been conclusively answered. Not only does literature review tell us what we already know, it also reveals what we do not know.Therefore, after crossing off the questions that don’t add any new knowledge, you develop new research questions that no one else has asked or answered before.By basing your research on these unique questions, you guarantee that it will introduce new knowledge which scholars will in future have access to, review, and evaluate, citing you as the originator of this new knowledge.The aim of research questions is to target the research in the areas where it will be most useful. These questions dictate the things you need to focus on so as to gather more insights on the topic.Research questions contain the variables and their relationships. The readers of the proposal need these factors (the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables) spelled out clearly and precisely in the form of research questions.Q4. How Will We Acquire The Information We Need? (Methods)This is the most practical part of the research process. While the preceding parts of the proposal concern the theoretical framework of the research process, this step concerns the very practical business of doing the actual work and getting the information you need from the field.In the methodology chapter of your proposal (Chapter 3), you provide a description of the exact methods you will use to gather, organize, compile, and analyze data.You outline the research design, sampling design, target population, the data collection instruments and procedures, and the data analysis methods you will use.The aim of providing all this information is to enable the readers of the proposal to evaluate if the methods you have outlined are suitable to undertake the task at hand.It helps them determine if your proposed methods can work in practice.As such, this section of the proposal helps ensure that you don’t undertake the research using the wrong tools and methodologies.Q5. How Long Will The Project Take And What Will It Cost? (Resources)This question concerns the practical aspect of the research project. All projects exist under constraints of time and resources.Project planning involves the calculation of available time and budget. Since the research process is a project, it too is constrained by time scarcity and resource costs.How long will the research take? What resources do you need to successfully complete the project? How much will it cost?These questions are of concern to the readers evaluating your research proposal as they are crucial in determining t he overall feasibility of your research project.Q6. Is This Research Project Socially Acceptable? (Ethics)This question concerns the ethics of your proposed research methods.The research methods you use should in no way violate the principles of research ethics or the law of the land.For instance, you should never coerce your research subjects into participating in the research.Any research methods that violate the constitutional rights of your research subjects are deemed unethical.Any research methods that project your subjectivity on to the research data are also deemed unethical as they violate a key principle of research ethics â€" that the researcher should be utterly objective and without any bias when collecting or analyzing data.The research process should be as scientific as possible.Q7. What Will Be The Benefits Of Conducting This Research? (Expected Outcomes)This question concerns the benefits that this research project is expected to produce. What do you want the resear ch to achieve, beyond answering the research questions?Who will benefit from the research? What is the expected impact of your research project? Answering this question helps determine if your research will be practically useful.For instance, if you undertake a research project on the effects of social media on teenage brains, the obvious beneficiaries of the research are teenagers.On the other hand, social media companies will also benefit as they can use your research to make their platforms safer for young people.WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL?The following are the reasons why you should write a research proposal:1. PlanningThe basic definition of a project is a series of tasks that is undertaken within a specific duration and when completed is expected to reach a specific outcome.In this particular case, the research project involves a variety of tasks, including going to the field to collect data, analyzing the data, and codifying and tabulating the data and drawing conclusions from it.A research project is fairly complex. If you start working on it directly without any prior planning, you are likely to commit many mistakes, which would then require you to start your project all over again and that would waste a lot of time.The most efficient and effective way to approach this problem is by planning everything in advance.Just as house-building begins with an architect’s design, so too a research project should start with a research proposal that maps out the entire project in advance.2. Literature ReviewIt is highly likely that if not for the research proposal, most people would dive directly into the research process without doing any due diligence on their research topic.The research proposal compels you to undertake a structured process of literature review during which you sift through the existing literature on your research topic.As a result, you are able to determine if your research topic has been covered before and if it is worth re searching.The research proposal’s literature review section ensures you don’t repeat what another researcher has already done.If you discover that your research topic is not unique, you can then tweak it a bit and find a fresh angle from which to approach the question.3. Establish WorthThe research proposal establishes whether your research topic is worth investigating or not.Your proposal will demonstrate how well you have thought out the research topic, whether your topic will add new knowledge, whether your proposed research methods are appropriate and so on.This is especially critical in an academic environment, where a supervisor has to monitor and evaluate your work before giving you a go-ahead.The supervisor will only allow you to start on the research process if you write a quality research proposal.The same is true for non-academic environments: the proposal enables the reader to determine if your research study is worth supporting with funding and so forth.WRITING THE RESEARCH PROPOSALHere, we take a look at how to actually write a research proposal, as well as the sections that go into the research proposal.Ideally, the research proposal contains preliminary pages, three chapters, references, and appendices.To illustrate what a research proposal should look like, we will use the following example research topic: Factors Affecting the Employability of Millennials in the US.1. Preliminary PagesThese are the pages that will precede the first chapter of the proposal.They include the title page, the declaration, the abstract, the table of contents, the list of tables, the list of figures, the operational definition of terms, and the list of abbreviations/acronyms.2. Chapter One: The Introduction of the StudyThis chapter will contain the introduction to the research, the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the objectives of the study, the research questions, the significance of the study (the benefits to be gained from the study), t he limitations of the study, and the scope of the study.Below is a brief explanation of each of the sections that go into chapter one of the research proposal.IntroductionIn this section, you will briefly introduce the topic and highlight the contents of this chapter.Background of the StudyHere, you will do a brief sort of literature review on the topic of millennial employability. You will cite scholars and researchers that have written on the topic.Problem StatementHere, you will compress the research problem/topic into two or so clear paragraphs. For instance:The generation known as millennials came of age during and in the aftermath of the great recession that began in 2008. This generation has had trouble, unlike previous generations, in securing permanent employment. This study seeks to understand the reason behind this, using the city of Athens, Ohio as a case study from which to generalize conclusions about the employability of millennials in the US.Objectives of the StudyHe re, you will state the general objective and the specific objectives. The general objective is basically a shortened version of the statement of the problem:The objective of the study is to investigate to what extent the employability of millennials in the US is affected by the variables used in the study, using the city of Athens, Ohio as a case study.The specific objectives introduce the independent variables. The independent variables, in this case, are the factors you will be investigating in the research.The factors that may or may not have an effect on millennial employability. Your aim is to find out if they do and to what extent. You can source these factors from your literature review: To investigate the effect of skillfulness on millennial employability in the US. To explore the extent to which automation affects millennial employability in the US.Research QuestionsThese are the specific objectives inverted into question form: To what degree does skillfulness affect millen nial employability in the US? To what extent does automation affect millennial employability in the US?Significance of the StudyIn this section, we list the benefits that will be potentially gained from the expected outcomes of the study, as well as the people and institutions that stand to benefit from the study.In our example, the outcomes of the study might benefit millennials position themselves better for employment, companies, human resource and managers, and headhunters might learn new insights related to hiring millennials, and governments might gain new insights on how to draft better policies that will reduce unemployment for millennials.Limitations of the StudyIn this section, you will list some of the problems that you might encounter in the course of conducting the study.These might include problems such as cultural bias, lack of fluency in the language spoken by subjects, and so on.The problems could also be methodological limitations such as a lack of reliable data an d a lack of prior research studies on the topic.Scope of the StudyHere, you will describe the population that you intend to investigate in your study and the institutions or areas from which we will source our data.For instance, in this study we would go to various relevant stakeholders and persons in Athens, Ohio: headhunters, employers, older employees, millennial employees, unemployed millennials, and so on.3. Chapter Two: Literature ReviewThis chapter will identify and review topic-relevant information that can be gleaned from past studies and literature produced on the topic.The chapter will help equip the researcher with relevant background information. Chapter two will contain the following sections.Review of Theoretical LiteratureIn this section, you will do a thorough review of existing literature on the topic, using your independent variables (skillfulness, automation, etc.) as your guiding lights.SummaryHere, you will summarize what you have gathered from the literature r eview.Conceptual FrameworkHere, you will provide a visual representation that illustrates the relationship between the dependent variable (millennial employability in the US) and the independent variables (skillfulness, automation, etc.)4. Chapter Three: Research MethodologyThis chapter will clarify the research methodology that you intend to use in the course of the study.It reveals how you will gather, organize, compile, and analyze data.It will include things such as the research design, target population, sampling design, data collection instruments and procedures, and data analysis.Below is a more detailed look into the sections that go into this chapter.IntroductionHere, you will highlight what should be expected from this chapter.Target PopulationHere, you will define the entire population that is the focus of the study. You will use the findings of the study to generalize conclusions about your target population. In this particular case, the target population is millennials in the US.Sampling DesignIn this section, you will define the sampling design technique that you will use. For instance, you might use stratified random sampling.Sample SizeHere, you will define the sample population, using a visual representation such as a table.Data Collection InstrumentsHere, you will define the data collection instruments you will use in the study â€" for instance, in this case you could use questionnaires.Data Analysis MethodsYou will define the data analysis methods you will use to convert the data gained from your study into useful information.For instance, in our example, you might use the Microsoft Excel software program to analyze the data and represent it in tables, figures, and pie charts.5. ReferencesIn this section, you will compile every source cited in the literature review.6. AppendicesThis section will include the research instruments used in the study, for instance a copy of the questionnaire used to get data from your research subjects.WRAPPING U PThe research proposal is a critical document prepared during the planning/preparation stage of the research process.This document acts as a blueprint which maps out the entire process for the researcher.In addition, the research proposal also establishes the worth of the proposed research topic.Supervisors in academic environment use the research proposal to determine if the student is ready to begin working on the project.We will conclude with an apt metaphor that wraps up everything covered in this article: commencing research without writing a research proposal is like setting out on a sea voyage without a map.

Analysis Of The Body By Stephen King - 1630 Words

Kids tend to not fully grasp the seriousness of certain situations due to their immaturity; This was the case of the four young boys in Stephen King’s novella: The Body. The story describes the journey these boys partake in, a journey in which they were determined to find the dead body of a 13 year old boy. But the journey ended up being a bigger adventure than they originally set out on, and even proved to be life changing for them; Especially for one of the boys in particular, Gordy, who learns the true gravity of death, along with other valuable life lessons. Gordy is the focus in this novella because he is the stand-in for a young Stephen King. Most of the events in this story are true and have actually happened to King, which forever†¦show more content†¦They seem to know a little about the concept of death, because in the film we see Teddy jump in front of a train in a game of chicken who is quickly tackled off by Chris. Then they finally come to the body itself , and seeing it in person makes them decide against the attention they originally set out for. Even seeing the Body makes Gordy sob to Chris because he finally realizes that Denny is gone for good, and death is nothing to be recognized for. We immediately see a change in Gordy in the way he handles the gun when the boys are confronted by the rival group. In the beginning Gordy was afraid and scared when he accidently shot the gun, but now he is more assertive and confident in himself. No specific one of these events could take credit for Gordy’s maturity towards death, but all contributed in teaching him that death is serious and no one is invincible. Adult Gordy, who is supposed to be a portrayal of present day King, went on a journey of his own through self reflection. This was far from a cruise down memory lane to Gordy, tapping into these memories meant reliving all of the very incidents that shaped him into who he is today. Friendships are one of the most enjoyable part of our lives, especially when we are young, reckless, and naive. For young Gordy, the friendships he had helped him stay true to himself and do what he loves best: writing. It was young Gordy’s best friend, Chris Chambers, that managed to convince him to stay a writerShow MoreRelatedA Response To Night Shift : Strawberry Spring Short Story1220 Words   |  5 PagesSpring Short Story Stephen King is the author of many novels and short stories with creepy settings; King admits that he fears bugs to add to the list of things that freaks him out. One of his earlier short stories from 1976, women at college fall victim to a â€Å"Jack the Ripper† style character. My analysis of King’s use of the literary elements, combined with his horror reflected in his short story, â€Å"Strawberry Spring†. 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Most Noticeable Types of Term Paper

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Stefan’s Diaries Origins Chapter 3 Free Essays

August 21, 1864 I can’t stop thinking about her. I will not even write her name; I daren’t. She is beautiful, entrancing, singular. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I’m with Rosalyn, I am Giuseppe’s son, the Salvatore boy, essentially interchangeable with Damon. I know it would not matter one whit to the Cartwrights if Damon took my place. It is only me because Father knew Damon would not stand for it, knew I would say yes, just like always. But when I saw her, her lithe figure, her red lips, her eyes that were flickering and sad and thrilling all at once †¦ it was as though I was finally just myself, just Stefan Salvatore. I must be strong. I must treat her like a sister. I must fall in love with the woman who is to be my wife. But I fear it is already too late†¦. Rosalyn Salvatore, I thought to myself the next day, tasting the words as I walked out the door, ready to fulfill my duty by paying a second call on my soon-to-be-betrothed. I imagined living with Rosalyn in the carriage house–or perhaps some smaller mansion my father would build as our wedding present–me working all day, poring through ledgers with my father in his stuffy study, while she took care of our children. I tried to feel excitement. But all I felt was cold dread seeping through my veins. I walked around the grand path of Veritas and gazed wistfully up at the carriage house. I hadn’t seen Katherine since she arrived yesterday afternoon. Father had dispatched Alfred to invite her to supper, but she’d declined. I’d spent the evening looking out the window toward the house, but I couldn’t see any flicker of candlelight. If I hadn’t known she and Emily had moved in, I’d have assumed the house had remained unoccupied. Finally, I went to sleep, wondering the whole time what Katherine was doing and whether she needed comforting. I tore my eyes away from the drawn upstairs shades and trudged down the driveway. The dirt road under my feet was hard and cracked; we needed a good rainstorm. There was no breeze, and the air felt dead. There wasn’t another person outside as far as the eye could see, yet as I walked, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on walked, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on end, and I got the uneasy feeling that I wasn’t alone. Unbidden, Robert’s warnings about walking off on my own floated through my mind. â€Å"Hello?† I called out as I turned around. I started. Standing just a few feet behind me, leaning against one of the angel statues that flanked the drive, was Katherine. She wore a white sunbonnet that protected her ivory skin and a white dress dotted with tiny rosebuds. Despite the heat, her fair skin looked as cool as the pond on a December morning. She smiled at me, displaying perfectly straight, white teeth. â€Å"I had hoped for a tour of the grounds, but it seems you are otherwise engaged.† My heart pounded at the word â€Å"engaged,† the ring box in my back pocket as heavy as a branding iron. â€Å"I’m not †¦ no. I mean,† I stammered, â€Å"I could stay.† â€Å"Nonsense.† Katherine shook her head. â€Å"I already am taking lodging from you and your father. I will not take your time as well.† She raised a dark eyebrow at me. Never before had I spoken with a girl who seemed so at ease and sure of herself. I felt the sudden, overwhelming urge to whip the ring from my pocket and offer it to Katherine on one knee. But then I thought of Father and forced my hand to stay put. â€Å"May I at least walk with you for a bit?† Katherine asked, swinging her sun umbrella back and forth. Companionably, we walked down the road. I kept glancing to my left and right, wondering why she didn’t seem nervous to walk, unaccompanied, with a man. Perhaps it was because she was an orphan and so utterly alone in the world. Whatever the reason, I was grateful for it. A light wind blew around us, and I inhaled her lemony ginger scent, feeling as though I could die of happiness, right there, next to Katherine. Simply being near her was a reminder that beauty and love did exist in the world, even if I couldn’t have them. â€Å"I think I shall call you Silent Stefan,† Katherine said as we walked through the cluster of oaks that marked the line between the village of Mystic Falls and the outlying plantations and estates. â€Å"I’m sorry †¦,† I started, fearing that I was as dull to her as Rosalyn was to me. â€Å"It’s simply that we don’t get very many strangers in Mystic Falls. It’s difficult to speak to someone who doesn’t know my whole history. I suppose I don’t want to bore you. After Atlanta, I’m sure you find Mystic Falls a bit quiet.† I felt mortified as soon as the sentence left my lips. Her parents had died in Atlanta, and here I was, making it sound like she’d left some exciting life to live here. I cleared my throat. â€Å"I mean, not that you had found Atlanta exciting, or that you wouldn’t enjoy getting away exciting, or that you wouldn’t enjoy getting away from everything.† Katherine smiled. â€Å"Thank you, Stefan. That’s sweet.† Her tone made it clear she didn’t want to delve into the topic any further. We walked in silence for a few long moments. I kept my stride deliberately short so Katherine could keep up. Then, whether by accident or by design I’m not sure, Katherine’s fingers brushed against my arm. They were cold as ice, even in the humid air. â€Å"Just so you know,† she said, â€Å"I don’t find anything about you boring.† My entire body flamed hot as a conflagration. I glanced up the road, as if trying to ascertain the best route for us to follow, though really I was hiding my blush from Katherine. I felt the weight of the ring in my pocket again, heavier than ever. I turned to face Katherine, to say what, I’m not even sure. But she was no longer by my side. â€Å"Katherine?† I called, shielding my eyes against the sun, waiting for her lilting laugh to rise up in the underbrush along the road. But all I heard was the echo of my own voice. She had vanished. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 3, Essay examples

The Well thing you Vishkovitts! Review Essay Example

The Well thing you Vishkovitts! Review Paper Essay on The Well thing you Vishkovitts! Well, youre garbage, book. Modern Italian Literature at us not so well known, that on the one hand, sad. From the side of Niccolo Ammaniti, Giuseppe Kullikya, Aldo Nova. On the other hand, well, that is little known. From the side, well, here, for example, Alessandro Boffa. BDSM mouse to attract attention and rave reviews on the cover are a good bait. Only mouse for nothing hurts illustration to the text superfluous, since feedback is also a problem. Time Out London proudly tells us: Imagine Ovid with a degree in zoology, and you can feel the charm about this funny novel. I approximately imagine what the reviewer of Ovid knows only that he wrote fables and fables about the reviewer knows that this istoriyki about animals. It is strange that he then Bram or Seton Tomposona not remembered. Relative funny novel, I think there are several mistranslated English boring. And all in general indicates that a reputable lit.kritika from Londons Time Out passport was taken and threatened with deportation if it will not work. The second review, imposed on the cover, gives rise to me similar suspicion. New York Times Review states that Boffa turns professional scientific argot into a rich amusing verbal world. It seems from the chief editor have any photos that are not lit.kritika wife liked. We will write a custom essay sample on The Well thing you Vishkovitts! Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Well thing you Vishkovitts! Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Well thing you Vishkovitts! Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Well, the thing you Vishkovits is a very short novel in 20 chapters, each of which the protagonist appears to us in the form of one or another creature. Here Vishkovits elk, here a microbe thats the lion, here the chameleon, but the sea sponge. And all this flavored professional scientific slang thats just not seen rich amusing verbal world. The evolutionary-Karmic metamorphosis Vishkovitsa accompany the same heroes Zhukotich someone else, Luba, and occasionally John or Lara. They also the mouse, the dung beetles, the bees. From chapter to chapter repeats unpretentious love story and ideal Vishkovitsa Luba. In monotone, monotony and typical repeatable history, perhaps, lies the ironic sentence a person of Alessandro Boffa. Zoological level allegories sets a low bar rustic puns: great businessman dung beetle: zhdengi shit; Lion an aging star of a documentary film about the life of the savannah: the glory a golden cage. In general, 20 nudnovato and uninteresting chapters, ho wever, there are a couple of good glimpses: about microbes, about chameleons and, perhaps, about the parrots to remotely smacks of humor Roman Boffa the book is not absolutely necessary.. There he is, is not it science is not even interested. Calorie difference well, no. However, I think this book is in part to the taste of those who love Life of insects Pelevin. But I would not advise to read it, just do not need.

Essay on Pop ArtEssay Writing Service

Essay on Pop ArtEssay Writing Service Essay on Pop Art Essay on Pop ArtAn intensive development of pop art (popular art) began in the end of 1950s. Its figurative language was unusual, ironical. It was like a mockery of beauty, spirituality and art. Pop art appeared in Great Britain, but French and American artistsgained the real fame. Similar art movements appeared in Italy, Germany and even in the USSR (at that time it was separated from the rest of the world with the â€Å"iron curtain†).In 1952 several critics, painters and architects founded â€Å"The Independent Group† in London to study modern technologies and urban folk culture (Honnef 16). Painters Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton were studying the â€Å"images† of mass culture on the basis of American culture. Painters created collages taking the most popular themes from newspapers and the publicity of new industrial products. Lawrence Alloway,a member of â€Å"The Independent Group†, proposed to call this new art phenomenon â€Å"pop art† (Honnef 18).The earliest works of pop artwere Richard Hamilton’s collage â€Å"Just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing?†(pic.1) and Eduardo Paolozzi’sâ€Å"I was a Rich Mans Plaything†(pic.2).The ideology of equal opportunities and fetishism of commodities leaded to the development of pop art in the USA in the late 1950s. American pop art got it international fame due to Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Claes Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein andAndy Warhol (Danto 9).Roy Lichtensteinused acid colors and different printing methods. His oil paintings with plots from the comics symbolized an American life in ironical way (pic.3).Andy Warholwas an American painter, designer, writer. He was a cult figure in the movement of pop art and in the modern art in whole (Danto 23). He created world-famous picture of Marilyn Monroe in the technique of serigraphy (pic.4).Claes Oldenburgwas a famous American sculptor, a classic of pop art. His fea ture was creating common things in huge scale and putting them somewhere in the environment of the city (Osterwold 98). For example, there is his sculpture of huge needle with multicolored thread in front of railroad station in Milan (pic.5).The prosperity of pop art design fell on turbulent 1960s: young people rebelled against society system in the USA and Europe. Pop art’s feature was the combination of challenge with indifference: everything was equally valuable or worthless, beautiful or ugly (Honnef 29). Advertising was based upon the same attitude. That is why publicity greatly influenced on the pop art. A lot of its representatives worked in the sphere of advertising.American commerce invented such products that were always good, cheap and equally accessible. Pop art became a kind of monument for such products and social equality. Consuming products people could identify themselves with any other consumer of the same product (Osterwold 119). Andy Warhol said â€Å"Liz Taylor drinks Coca-Cola and you can drink it too. All Coca-Cola bottles are good and all of them are the same† (Danto 41). Thus, Andy Warhol glorified consuming and made it a part of his art. An example of this consuming ideology is Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans (Tomato) (pic.6).Pop design was tightly connected with an American dream of absolutely consuming world view. The idea of producing durable products changed to the slogan â€Å"use today – throw away tomorrow†. Pop design with its bright colors, cheap goods and bold shapes became the style of the youth. â€Å"Pop†meantbeingfashionable and corresponding to the spirit of the time (Osterwold 125). Thus, Allen Jones created half-naked beauties that were articles of furniture at the same time: his work Chair is an example of pop design(pic.7). Insuchawayheput the question aboutaboundbetweenartandfunctional design.Pop art transformed images of people, foodstuff and common things into someth ing of a cult.The main point of pop art in interior design is to stupefy and even shock people. It is a part of mass culture that is still topical in modern society. There are no traditional rules of design for pop art (Osterwold 156). The bounds of walls and ceiling are fuzzy; the principal attention is focused on the details. White is the main color, but it is combined with several bright contrasting tints (pic.8). The riot of color can seem fresh and unusual but at the same time it can quickly fatigue a person. The walls are usually multicolored (pic.9, 10). Sometimes people use wallpapers with the effect of optical illusion (a picture can appear and disappear) (Osterwold 158). The ceiling can be either usual or with niches of asymmetrical levels and colored light.There are few articles of furniture in pop art design. The lack of furniture compensates with its unusual shape of women’s silhouettes or a toon’s look. Surfaces are covered with graffiti, comics or poster s.Thereby, we can conclude that the movement of pop art is still topical nowadays. People widely use pop art style to designtheir houses, developing it more and more.

From Memory and By Heart

From Memory and By Heart From Memory and By Heart From Memory and By Heart By Maeve Maddox A headline on the National Public Radio (NPR) site prompted this post: A Self-Taught Artist Paints the Rain Forest By Memory The more common idiom for doing something that is recalled and not seen is to do it â€Å"from memory.† From is more appropriate than by in this idiom because memory may be regarded as a receptacle and not as an agent. For example: Painting from memory can be just as productive as painting from sight. If youve ever repeated a rhyming poem from  memory  in front of an audience, youve given a  recitation. Pewsey clergyman Canon Gerald Osborne is to perform a remarkable feat of faith and memory by reciting in public the whole of Mark’s Gospel from memory. George Doi, a nisei,  reconstructed  the  map from memory  in March 1993. The process of committing something to memory for later recall is â€Å"to learn it by heart.† Learning texts by heart once held a more valued place in the elementary and high school curriculum than it does now. When I was a child, school children were encouraged to memorize poems like Longfellow’s â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride† and speeches like Lincoln’s â€Å"Gettysburg Address.† In her 90s, my mother could still recite poems she learned as a child in the Chicago public schools. Visiting a family in France one summer, I was treated to the experience of hearing members of three generations recite a tale of Fontaine- in unison and with great mutual pride. Poems learned â€Å"by heart† in childhood enrich the rest of life. Here are some examples of the idiom â€Å"by heart†: Learning poetry by heart ignites the imagination- Andrew Motion. Miss Allan  encouraged us to learn poetry by heart, for which I am everlastingly grateful now that I am registered as blind and still have memories of some of the  loveliest poems ever written. In  Poems to Learn by Heart,  Kennedy stresses the importance of memorizing poetry and presents a collection of poems that she believes everyone should internalize. [David Cameron] said his youngest daughter Florence was so obsessed with the movie [Frozen] that he found he’d learned it off by heart. Note: Learning â€Å"by heart† is not the same thing as learning â€Å"by rote.† Rote learning is more or less mindless. Learning a poem one neither likes nor understands for the sake of reciting it one time for a grade is a pointless exercise. Learning a poem or a speech â€Å"by heart,† on the other hand, is a process that engages the mind and the emotions. Bottom line: We recite from memory what we have learned by heart. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good WithIn Search of a 4-Dot EllipsisThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"