Public Health Policies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Health Policies - Research Paper Example This paper analyzes a major health problem, obesity, and the legal and ethical rationale for proposing three policy alternatives for resolving this chronic health problem. With the continuous challenge of guaranteeing public health it is not surprising that policymakers are looking for alternative policies to mitigate the negative effect of childhood obesity which at present appears to offer no solution. A primary apprehension about childhood obesity is that affected children have a tendency to carry obesity until adulthood, with the enlarged possibility of cardiovascular disease, Type II diabetes, and several other chronic illnesses (Saunders & Harrison, 2007). Hence, it seems legally and ethically justifiable to immediately act in response through collaborative efforts between parents, communities, health practitioners, and policymakers. It is time to recommend alternative policies because these abovementioned individuals and groups have had necessary information and, still, the pr oblem persists to rise. Even though parents are informed of the weight condition of their children, a lot of them are hesitant to publicly acknowledge or categorize their children as overweight or obese. Most parents think of obesity as an aesthetic concern, not a health problem (Strychar, 2004). Hence, building awareness of health threats and encouraging correct response is a sensitive recommendation and alternative policies should move ethically to prevent aggressive discrimination. Attempts to address and mitigate childhood obesity should consider information dissemination, analysis, and intervention. The primary health, economic, social, political, and ethical repercussions of these problems suggest the need for collaborative efforts between private scientific funding organizations and the government (Strychar 2004). Looking into the future, it appears that First World nations cannot allow the continuation of childhood obesity problem, weakening academic achievements, and absenc e of initiative to accept accountability (Thompson, 2004). If a country aims to flourish globally, then it has to institute groundwork of socially competent and bright individuals. Alternative standards of government policies are required. Three Alternative Policies for Childhood Obesity (1) The government should deal with the inadequacy of information by obliging stakeholders to provide it. The Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) should be enhanced to promote the competence of food-related companies through mandating comprehensive nutritional information. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain how to make nutrition information understandable for adolescent and children consumers. Additional studies are required on this matter. The ethical concerns addressed by this policy are (a) the conditions of food processing, crop growing, animal rearing, and product marketing; (b) the contribution of the food-related company to the larger society; and (c) the relationship between consum ers, processors, and producers. (2) The government, alongside public schools, should safeguard children from publicity and advertising. The government will be entirely accountable for the advertising sector. Due to insufficient budget allocations, several school districts have entered into an agreement with Channel One, which provides them resources, educational paraphernalia, and televisions in return for permitting Channel One to promote

Interdependence and Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interdependence and Independence - Essay Example Unlike independent-self which focuses on individual responsibility separate from the entire society, interdependent self-concept emphasizes shared responsibilities. The main tenet of interdependence self-concept is the reliance that exists among individuals in the society for survival and mutual development. Interdependence self-instills the idea that people are not alone in their attempts at mental growth and development. People also provided support for one another to grow socially. Interdependent self-concept also promotes responsibility sharing by encouraging individuals to take various roles, which contribute to the development and growth of the society. Interdependent self-concept is also crucial for overcoming fear. Unlike independence, which puts an individual against the rest of other members of the society, interdependence promotes cohesion among society members, thus helping individuals to experience lower levels of fear and insecurity. The recognition of the fact that one has the support of others remains crucial for alleviating negative feelings, which could yield fear in individuals. Support for each other is only possible in a society where people feel close to each other and the society is characterized by high level of interdependence. Interdependence also promotes good and meaningful relationships. Interdependence promotes strong ties between individuals, both personal and professional, which is deficient in independent self-concept. In independent self-concept, people often emerge as overly self-reliant, which jeopardizes the chances of forming positive bonds among individuals.

Common And Civil Law Legal Systems Law Essay

Common And Civil Law Legal Systems Law Essay In general, law is set of general rules, regulations and principles accepted in some community and to applicable only in its territory, which is written by legislative authority. There are a lot of functions of law in the society and business. Some of the roles of the law are to keep the peace, shaping the rules of conduct and moral standards, promoting social justice and individual freedom, facilitating planning and orderly change and also protecting the environment. Law has been developing through many centuries and always changing according to the communitys social life, traditions and moral principles. Nowadays there are as many legal systems as many number of countries in the world. However all countrys over the world developed and incorporated their own laws based on three main types of legal systems such as Civil law (Continental law), Common law and Religious (Islamic) law. All these three legal systems have their own features and histories which helps us to differentiate and learn easily. In this essay I am going to discuss two main legal systems Common and Civil Law Legal Systems and their criminal and civil procedures. Common Law Legal System Common Law Legal system is one of the most famous and widespreadly used system in the world.  [1]  En.wikipedia.org (2010) suggests that This system was originated from England in the Middle Ages and very common source of a lot of Western and Eastern countries such as United States of America (except Louisiana where English criminal law combined with French civil law), England, Ireland, Canada, Pakistan and Singapore which were colonized by British Empire. The main feature of the Common Law Legal System is that compare to other legal system the Judge is the main authority. . In this legal system the principles and rules of action based on decisions of courts made by judges and similar tribunals (similar cases) to decide future cases, rather than codified rules and legislations. Common law system these similar cases called as a precedent. The precedent which is might be applied to solve some problems is called as a binding precedent or mandatory precedent. Sometimes Judges in orde r to solve some cases uses not the exactly same precedents, but similar or precedents with some relevant information, such type of precedents called persuasive precedents. In some practical cases common law system is not ideal system to use, sometimes some controversial or more considerably complicated features may occur. Moreover, in Common law the decisions of the judge or court only compulsory within particular jurisdiction and some courts have more authority than others. The weight of court decisions also makes Common law different from Civil law system. By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions judge has more self-determination to interpret the given codification rather then predictability like common law system judges. Civil Law Legal System Civil (Continental) Law is a modern legal system originated by Roman law especially the system is derived from Code of Justinian, (during the Middle Ages the emperor Justinian played an important role on the development of the Civil Law System) as later developed by legal scholars later. This system is the most ancient and common legal system in the world. The main and unique feature of the Civil law is that it is collection of written and codified rules in the form of civil codes which are applied and interpreted by judges.  [2]   Criminal Procedures in Common and Civil Law Legal System Common Law and Civil Law Legal systems differ considerably in criminal procedure and civil procedures. Although some systems, including the Common legal system, let private individuals to bring a criminal prosecution against others, prosecutions are nearly always started by the state, in order to punish the defendant. However Civil law legal actions are started by private individuals, companies or organizations. The cases are usually in different courts, and juries are not commonly used in civil cases.  [3]   In both Common and Civil law systems the criminal procedures are significantly varies than in civil law systems. In criminal cases the government will be against the individuals the prosecutor will be on the sight of government and will protect the rights of the victims (society or government) and also in lower case actually the jury will be employed. In criminal procedures as a solution to the case Judge can decide the person who made crime to some sentence, such as fine, jail or time. In the next following sentences there is given how the criminal procedure will be taken in Common law legal systems according to the David Carnes: Prosecution Although a criminal defense lawyer is obligated to advocate the defendants interests, a prosecutor is obligated to seek justice even if it means refusing to charge or convict a defendant. Because of this, the decision of whether to prosecute rests solely with the prosecutor. Although most prosecutions are commenced in response to an arrest by the police of the filing of a criminal complaint by the police of a private citizen, a prosecutor has the authority to initiate prosecution unilaterally. Bail Bail is a sum of money that the defendant must pay to remain free between the bail hearing and the conclusion of the trial. The purpose of bail is to give the defendant a motive to show up at trial (in order to get the bail money back). Judges can set bail higher or lower depending on their estimate of how likely the defendant is to show up at trial. In many cases, bail is denied. Plea Bargaining A plea bargain is a written agreement in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a lesser charge, in exchange for which the prosecutor will recommend to the judge that the original charges be dropped and that a previously agreed upon sentence be imposed. The judge does not have to accept the prosecutors recommendations. Prosecutors are willing to plea bargain when they face busy trial dockets, and when the available evidence raises doubts about whether the defendant will be eventually convicted. Trial Practice Trials in common law countries are adversarial, meaning that the prosecution and the defense initiate almost all action while judges are relatively passive, acting as referees. For example, if the prosecution attempts to admit evidence that should be excluded under the rules of evidence, the evidence will normally be admitted anyway unless the defense objects to its admission. In this case, a convicted defendant may appeal on the basis that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. Although every criminal defendant is entitled to demand to be tried by a jury, if no demand for a jury trial is made then the judge will determine guilt or innocence. Sentencing Regardless of whether or not a jury is empanelled, the judge will determine the sentence (within statutorily defined ranges) if the defendant is convicted. The defendant is entitled to present evidence, such as good prior behavior or mitigating circumstances, that may convince the judge to imposed a lighter sentence.  [4]   Continental Legal Systems is the fundamental source of the Civil Procedure. It mainly refers to the civil law takes into account almost all the cases not related to criminal issues the laws almost all the cases which is not related to criminal issues such as business, estates, legal contracts, accidents and domestic issues and intended to protect individuals liberties and civil rights. Civil procedure refers only to the procedures, not the laws. In Civil procedure the role of lawyers are very important and it is specialized area of to practice them. However civil law and criminal law may overlap each other. In such cases the problem will be judged under both criminal and civil procedures. For instance, if the bus driver hits the people walking on the street and kills that person he can be tried in criminal court for killing the innocent people and the victims family members be able to give him to the court for the same case under the civil procedure. Conclusion In conclusion, I would like to state that law is very controversial and very complicated subject to learn. How deep you learn it you will discover more questions to answer. Sometimes you can discover such laws which can overlap each other.

Terrorism - Domestic Bigots More Dangerous than Foreign Terrorists :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Domestic Bigots Cause More Damage than Foreign Terrorists    As the federal government preoccupies itself with fighting the war against terror, it must not neglect the terror that Americans can inflict on one another at home. At the same time, we should be circumspect about our rhetoric as we affirm our commitment to the ideals of freedom by debating our government's policies. The recent spate of hate crimes across the country - about 1000 incidents, some of them fatal - calls for two responses. Congress and the president should pass and sign national hate crimes legislation. On the local level, each of us has the obligation to refrain from provocative remarks that embolden and reinforce the bigots' view that we are engaging in a war against a particular culture or religion.    Whatever contributions economic or political injustice may have on the support for terrorist regimes, those organizations ultimately thrive on a zealotry borne of group thought. This is evident in the terrorists' calls for all people of a certain group to take up a jihad against the 'infidels' who cannot claim the same group membership. In contrast, the battle that the United States is now waging is not directed at any group except for the people who commit mass murder under the influence of group identity. Americans are individualists at heart. We eschew the politics of racial division and ethnic pandering. We abhor discrimination, which violates another's individuality by ascribing to him a group identity and subsequently mistreating him. We are especially appalled when the maltreatment escalates into assault, battery and homicide.    Thus, in the 1993 Supreme Court case Wisconsin v. Mitchell, the justices unanimously upheld Wisconsin's hate crimes statute, which imposed additional penalties for perpetrators motivated by animus toward another's race. The Court reasoned that judges and juries routinely consider a perpetrator's motives as aggravating factors. For example, premeditated murder is punished more severely than random killing. Considering the criminal's bias in sentencing is consistent with our juridical principles. However, it is not enough for a handful of states to consider bias as an aggravating factor in sentencing. We need to express the nation's consensus that, as a liberal society, we condemn the illiberal thoughts that inspire hate crimes. Treating people differently on the basis of perceived group identities, which derive in turn from superficialities like physical appearance, is the greatest unfreedom. While an orderly society cannot tolerate crime, a free society simply cannot tolerate crimes borne of ignorance and group thought.

Managing Change Exercises

Redesign Roles The process of redesigning roles among business organizations actually aim to make it possible for business staffs to gather ways by which they are able to extend their skills, their capabilities of completing their jobs as members of the organization. The major aim is to actually serve the company right through equalizing the ways by which the staffs are given their chance of differentiating their environment with that of the others. This then would naturally hold the employees strongly capable of shifting their capabilities of completing their jobs with the organization. Shifting their responsibilities actually open the employees to new wave of tasks that actually enhance their skills as individuals as well as assets of the organization. The aim of shifting their responsibilities and roles in the organization actually aims to help them get over the effects of work boredom. 2- Redesign Reward System Everyone has the right to have a chance to enjoy company rewards. It is essential however that the required standards for such rewards be shifted every now and then to allow others have a chance to enjoy the benefits of the said rewards according to their capabilities as individual workers of the company. Shifting the different requirements for the said rewards is a certain step up for the organization’s way of motivating their people. 3- Act Consistently with Advocated Action Without the administration’s wise judgment of the situations that they are supposed to deal with, it is undeniable that the decision making process within the organization would weaken thus making it harder for the business company to progress as a group of asset staff members within the industry that they are involved with. Moreover, the lack of advocated action on the part of the administration would cause the entire organization to fail within the plans that they themselves have set to complete. Most likely, failure is the result of the major plans that they are to suspend as part of the organization’s progress. 4- Encourage â€Å"Voluntary Acts of Initiative† Encouragement is one of the key reasons why people stay at the jobs that they are working at. Primarily, people feel that they are special or are worthy of the company if they are able to understand the fact that they are given the right attention by their employers through encouraging them to be their best at doing the tasks that they are particularly appointed to complete. Failure to do so would naturally cause the organization’s failure in terms of boosting its staff’s morale in performing well at their jobs. It is necessary that a company’s administration be able to adjust its priorities so as to be able to set the encouragement that they think is needed by the staff. No matter how diverse the people within the organization maybe, the effective strategies of the administration in posting the plans for encouragement could actually boost the morale not only of the individuals but of the entire organization as well. EXERCISE 12.4 â€Å"Reflection on Your Experience of Change: Profile of Yourself 1. Repeat this list 2. Rate yourself in regard to each action. The actions that have been mentioned within these activities are of high importance to the author as he views hem as primary foundations of organizational success. As for personal evaluation, the application if the two factors of management as mentioned herein has a good rating on the part of the author’s self-evaluation, whereas, the second phase of management which includes the two other factors of management is where the author rates quite lower than the accepted average rating. This is because of the fact that the author might have actually intended to boost the moral of the employees as individuals thus forgetting the fact that they have to be motivated as part of the entire organization’s work force. 3. Which are the actions that you have identified as most in need of attention (those you rated poor or very poor)? Through the personal evaluation that the author of this paper has done, he has primarily observed that the factors on advocated actions and the voluntary acts of initiative are the ones that require immediate action on the part of the organization that the author is currently involved with. This is because of the fact that the people who are working within the organization that he is involved with are not given much attention as they are not given fine options of actually being involved within the plans of the entire group. Hence, as a result, they are less motivated to perform at their best in the job-tasks that they are appointed with as part of the company. Consequently, the author of this paper aims to encourage the organization in actually giving importance to the said factors of business procedures. 4. Where possible, discuss your ratings with others in the group/class. Are any particular actions most commonly nominated as needing attention? What could be done to develop your capacity in this regard? The factor that commonly requires action within the group is that of the Voluntary Acts of Initiative. It has been observed through the evaluation that the said factor of management is less likely given attention to by the administration as the people intend to be directed by the administration than that of actually serving as part of the company in a voluntary manner. The idea is that less people are able to take consideration of their actions as well as to how these acts particularly affect that of the organizations that they are currently working for. The assets and the major foundations of the organization lie stable within the capabilities of the organization’s employees to work well, as well as voluntarily for the sake of their organization’s success. True, with the self-pursuing attitude of the workers as the administration of the organization itself work well with them, the organization could stand tall in progress, thus continuously advancing in terms of prosperous profit gains and performance level upgrade on the part of the employees. References: Paul D. Houston , Stephen L. Sokolow. (2006). The Spiritual Dimension of Leadership: 8 Key Principles to Leading More Effectively. Corwin Press. Peter G. Northouse. (2006). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Sage Publications, Inc; 4 edition. Sage Publications, Inc; 4 edition. ISBN-10: 141294161X. Stephen R. Covey. (2004). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. Free Press; 15 Anv edition. ISBN-10: 0743269519. Lynne Joy McFarland. (2001). 21st Century Leadership: Dialogues With 100 Top Leaders. The Leadership Press; Reissue edition. ISBN-10: 0963601806. Bolman, L.G. & Deal, T.E. (2003) Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice and Leadership, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Mark Williams. (2001). The 10 Lenses: Your Guide to Living & Working in a Multicultural World (Capital Ideas for Business & Personal Development). Capital Books.

Parenting Skills Essay

Review Questions 1. What are the differences between being a biological parent, an adoptive parent, and a foster parent? A biological parent are your real blood parents, an adoptive parent is your parent till you’re 18, and a foster home basically is somewhere to stay and home family till you get adopted not really a permanent situation. 2. What financial needs are parents obligated to provide and which are optional? Up to the age of 18 (unless they move out before) Then clothes, school, food, place to live ,utility bills etc, some kids have activities which would be provided by giving pocket money, educational toys and books, toiletries. Christmas presents are optional but cover fun toys etc after 18 I would hope she will have a job and can contribute towards bills etc. 3. What other needs might a child have that a parent is expected to provide? Toys for them to play with, love, support, food and a safe place to grow up in. 4. What are the qualities of a nurturing parent? A nurturing parent w ould never give up on their child and go throw everything with them. Would do anything for them even in the worst situation. Critical Thinking Questions 1. What qualities make a person a good parent? A bad parent? A good parent would be there for their child and do whats best for them. A bad parent wouldn’t show any love or care. 2. Which parental responsibilities do you think would be the most challenging? Why? I think letting go over your child and letting them go off on their own, because you will think they’re not safe or okay without you. 3. Which parental responsibilities do you think would be the most interesting to you? Why? I guess getting them their first pet. I love animals and when I do have kids one day I would love to teach them how to take care of the pet. 4. What are some things that people can do to prepare for parenthood? Nothing, because you wont know what to expect until it happens.

Levels of Processing and Memory essays

Levels of Processing and Memory essays Craik and Lockhart (1972) developed a theory in which they discussed the levels of processing. The theory states, the more a word is processed, due to its meaning, the better the word is retained. In our experiment we presented subjects with a yes or no question pertaining to the meaning of a word or the appearance of a word and then measured their reaction time. Subjects were then asked to recall as many words that they could remember, results showed that there was a significant difference in reaction times and the number of words that were recalled. According to Dewey Rundus (1971) the more an item is rehearsed, the higher the probability the item will be remembered. Herman Ebbinghaus (1885) concluded that in order to remember and learn items we must repeat them. He developed the nonsense syllable, which is a word that is composed of two consonants with a vowel in between. A nonsense syllable could not be a real word (would not be found in the dictionary). Ebbinghaus wanted to minimize the effects of association that have already been made with words that we are familiar with. Using nonsense syllables he determined that frequency of appearance is directly correlated with the amount one recalls (Lundin 1996). The rehearsal theory states that recall should mimic reaction time in our experiment. The longer a word is kept in mind, the better it will be recalled. Repetition plays an important role in the processes of memory but it is not the only factor that affects how much one can recall. Craik and Watkins (1973) disputed that repetition improves memory. They performed an experiment to determine that repetition didnt improve memory but that the speed which the words were presented. Subjects were read a list of words, but before they heard the words they were given a critical letter and were asked to remember the last word from the list that began with that particular letter. Subjects thought that they could ign...

Cushing’s Syndrome Essay Example

Cushing’s Syndrome Essay Example Cushing’s Syndrome Paper Cushing’s Syndrome Paper Prolonged, extensive and inapt exposure to extreme glucocorticoids gives rise to Cushing’s syndrome. These glucocorticoids include topical as well as inhaled ones. This syndrome is a hormone problem, which is also called hypercortisolism additionally happens when the body is making a great deal of cortisol. If left untreated, this syndrome will result to a considerable rate of morbidity and mortality. When its signs and symptoms are florid, its diagnosis is uncomplicated. Incidence of Cushing’s syndrome is dependent on the population being studied. Prevalence of this syndrome ranges from 0. 7 to 2. 4 million population per year (Newell-Price et al, 2006). It is suggested by new data available that this syndrome is more common than it was formerly thought. There is a reported incidence of Cushing’s syndrome being 2% and 5% of those patients screened with type 2 diabetes; particularly those who had poor blood glucose control and had hypertension. These studies proved the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome not based on its clinical manifestation but based on its patient’s metabolic control improvement after the intervention of clinical measures for Cushing’s syndrome. Roughly 1 in 500,000 and a projected 10 to 15 of every million people are affected with Cushing’s syndrome each year. Cortisol is a hormone that has a number of essential functions. It sustains the body when it is faced with physical stress. It is also the hormone responsible for preserving the blood pressure within normal limits when there is blood loss due to accidents. The body makes more cortisol during stress brought about by physical illness as well as psychological problems. This hormone is also vital in the body’s metabolism (Health Source, 2008). The brain and pituitary gland are in charge as to how much cortisol the body makes. This hormone is particularly produced in the adrenal glands. These glands are the two small glands located on top of each kidney. Too much body’s production of cortisol may be a consequence of having a tumor (benign or malignant) in any of the glands. Widespread and frequent tumors are pituitary adenoma and adrenal adenoma. In some instances, tumors from other parts of the body may also cause an increase in the amount of cortisol that the body produced. Oftentimes, these tumors are in the lungs, thyroid and pancreas. Although this syndrome may be brought about by the body’s increase production of it due to tumors, most incidence of this syndrome is due to an increased, extreme and lengthy consumption of cortisone medications. Cortisol has a natural anti-inflammatory function. Physicians prescribed cortisol to treat and manage diseases where inflammation is the major dilemma. These diseases include asthma, rheumatoid arthritis as well as lupus. A familiar example of a cortisol medication is prednisone. These medications as a group are well known as corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, or steroids (Health Source, 2008). This medication is also utilized in preventing the rejection of transplanted organs. In cases like this, this medication may then be taken all throughout the particular patient’s lifetime. Signs and Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome Being vigilant of the early signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome is very important for its early detection, diagnosis and management. Recognizing its early mental manifestations and demonstrations will avert frustrations and spare patients a number of morbidity. When typical physical signs of Cushing’s arise, patients are already suffering enormously. The following early signs of Cushing’s syndrome are as follows: being depressed, irritable (Cushing’s patients illustrates themselves as having a â€Å"short fuse†), experiences insomnia, decreased / loss of libido, complains of memory problem especially impaired short-term memory and failure to focus attention and maintain their usual concentration (Kubetin, 2000). Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome include the presentation of a moon facie. An increased of fat in the abdomen, trunk area and upper back also persists causing a buffalo hump look. The most distinguished physical manifestation of Cushing’s syndrome from that of obesity is the presentation of protein wasting-presence of thin skin. Patients may show skin bruising as their skin easily gets bruised. Stretch marks may be common in the abdomen, breasts and thighs. Women may experience an increased body hair and may have an irregular and even cessation of menstrual periods. Also, excess cortisol inclines to an elevated blood pressure. With this, patients may also experience high blood pressure. Increased incidence of occult Cushing’s syndrome is found in overweight and in patients with type 2 diabetes (Fonseca, 2004). Since an increased in cortisol can cause type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent); symptoms of diabetes like increased and frequency of urination, tiredness and exhaustion and blurred vision may also be manifested (Chiodini et al, 2007). Purple striae, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy and kidney stones are more numerous and common in men. Male and female patients presented the same gonadal dysfunction. Decreased bone-mineral density was revealed as one of the side effects of glucocorticoid use. Bone loss is worse in primary adrenal Cushing’s syndrome compared to the pituitary-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (Newell-Price et al, 2006). Moreover, Cushing’s syndrome attributed from production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from solid tumors also causes life-threatening hypercortisolemia. These tumors may be bronchial carcinoids, lung squamous cell carcinoma or even carcinoid from the duodenum. All these tumors presented ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone producing cortisol leading to excess cortisol in the body(Uecker Janzow, 2005). Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome Physicians (health care providers) will do a complete and thorough physical examination and history when obvious signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome is presented by the patient. Signs and symptoms like: an increased blood pressure, thin skin bruises, buffalo hump look (fat in trunk and abdomen and thinning of arms and legs) and moon facie will be given a significant account. Patient will be assessed for any usage/treatment of steroid medications. There is an uncomplicated diagnosis once the patient presented the features and manifestations stated above and steroid management and therapy is being used. If the patient is not taking any cortisol/steroid medications at all, the following tests may be crucial and necessary: skull X-ray, MRI, CT scan, 24-hr urine cortisol test, dexamethasone suppression test and midnight cortisol assessment or late-night salivary cortisol(Health Source 2008). Biochemical verification of the hypercortisolaemic state must be recognized prior to any effort of obtaining differential diagnosis. This is done to prevent any misdiagnosis leading to unsuitable treatment and poor management (Newell-Price et al, 2006). No single test is perfect for the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Since each test has different sensitivities, the use of several tests is beneficial. The skull X-ray, MRI and CT scan are ordered to rule out tumors in the pituitary and other parts of the body. 24-hour urine cortisol test is done to verify if the body is making excessive amounts of cortisol. The binding proteins are saturated by excess circulating cortisol whereby it is then sent out in the urine as free cortisol. This is a straightforward evaluation of circulating free cortisol. This circulating free cortisol is biologically effective. Results showing 4x greater than its upper limit of its normal value is indicative of Cushing’s syndrome. The dexamethasone suppression test is done to prove and confirm the extra cortisol produced by the body is from the pituitary tumor or a tumor existing from other part of the body. There are two tests that are commonly used: the 48-hr or the overnight dexamethasone suppression test. For the 48-h suppression test, 0. 5mg dexamethasone is given every six hours x 4 times. Serum cortisol measurement is obtained during the first and last administration of dexamethasone. For the overnight dexamethasone test, 1mg is administered at midnight and the serum cortisol measurement is obtained the following morning. To rule out Cushing’s syndrome, the concentration of serum cortisol should not exceed 50nmol in either of the two tests mentioned above. Studies revealed that this test sometimes gives false-positive results. It is important to repeat this test as well as include other investigations if medical doubts remain high. Individuals with Cushing’s syndrome have no normal cortisol circadian rhythm. Midnight plasma cortisol concentration not exceeding 50 nmol/L rules out Cushing’s syndrome. In addition, salivary cortisol signifies the amount of free circulating cortisol. This screening is greatly appropriate due to its effortless collection of sample. Saliva is also stable in room temperature thus making it more suitable screening method. This test had been proven to be a good screening method based on its non-invasiveness and diagnostic performance (Cardoso et al, 2009). Once a diagnosis is established, apt initiation of medication therapy should then be made. The treatment and management of Cushing’s syndrome is dependent on the amount of extra cortisol in the body. Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome If the cause of the extra cortisol in the body is just due to the administration of cortisol medications, the physician may just lower the dosage of cortisol taken. In other cases, physicians may change the frequency of treatment. Every day dose may then be changed to every other day. If the body itself is making the excess cortisol, treatment includes medical therapy to lower cortisol and may also require surgery, chemotherapy and radiation to remove and treat the tumor. Medications like Metyrapone, Ketoconazole and Mitotane are prescribed to lower cortisol . The mechanism of action of these medications directly inhibits the synthesis and secretion of cortisol in the adrenal glands. These drugs may not be as efficient for long-term management of the syndrome. These medications are prescribed primarily as a preparation prior to the upcoming surgical procedure or as an adjunctive management post surgery (Newell-Price et al, 2006). Transsphenoidal surgery is done to remove the tumor from the pituitary gland without harming the pituitary function. Its results showed 60% to 80% of initial remission rate. If the disease persists, urgent reoperation is conducted. Ongoing requirement of alternative therapies are needed, as this procedure does not promise possible recurrences. Pituitary radiotherapy may then be required for persistent hypercortisolism after transsphenoidal surgery. The existing treatment of choice for Cushing’s syndrome is laparoscopic surgery for unilateral adrenal adenomas. The prognosis of this procedure is good, however, the results are uniformly unfortunate for patients with adrenocortical carcinomas. Adrenocortical carcinomas occasionally present metastases. Patients are also given a five-year survival duration. In addition, total bilateral removal of the adrenal glands produces rapid and great results in decreasing the clinical manifestations of patients. However, patients requiring a unilateral removal of the adrenal glands have the most excellent recorded results (Poulin et al, 2003). The need for a lifetime therapy of corticosteroids and glucocorticoids will be needed after the removal of both adrenal glands. Laparoscopic adrenal procedures give low morbidity that’s why this is considered as the main treatment for patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Some clinicians promote pituitary radiotherapy together with adrenalectomy to decrease the risk of Cushing’s syndrome. Prevention of Cushing’s syndrome It is really important to seek medical attention right away if one is taking steroid medications and are showing signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome. Blood pressure as well as blood sugar levels should also be checked regularly. Individuals should be knowledgeable in terms of the medications they are taking and its side effects. The use of non-steroidal medications in managing inflammatory diseases should be given priority first prior to the use of steroids. References Cardoso, E. M. L. , Aggreger, A. L. , Tumilasci, O. , R. Contreras, L. N. (2009). Diagnostic value of salivary cortisol in Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinology 70. 4, p516. Chiodini, I. , Adda, G. , Scillitani, A. Coletti, F. (2007). Cortisol secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes: relationship with chronic complications. Diabetes Care, 30, 83. Fonseca, V. , (2004). Occult Cushing’s syndrome. Diabetes Care, 27:5, 1253. Health Source – Consumer edition. (1 January 2008). Cushing’s syndrome. Kubetin, S. K. (2000). Early signs of Cushing’s. OB GYN News. International Medical News Group. Newell-Price, J. , Bertagna, X. , Grossman, A. Nieman, L. K. (2006). Cushing’s syndrome. The Lancet, 367, 1605. Poulin, E. C. , Schlachta, C. M. , Burpee, S. E. , Pace, K. T. Mamazza, J. (2003). Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: pathologic features determine outcome. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 46, 340-345. Uecker, J. M. Janzow, M. T. (2005). A case of Cushing syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone producing carcinoid of duodenum. The American Surgeon, 71, 445-446.

Built of separate "episodes"

Built of separate episodes Essay Eric confesses that he had got the girl pregnant and further more that he had stolen money from his fathers firm to give to her. However, after learning about his mothers recent involvement with the girl he quickly blames her for the death of Eva Smith and her unborn child. The family are completely shocked and ashamed of themselves. Finally, the Inspector makes a speech about social responsibilities, as if directly answering to Mr. Birlings speech earlier in the evening. He then leaves. Gradually, Mr. Birling realises that the man could not have been a real police inspector. They also realise that they may have not all been talking about the same girl or in fact, whether any girl had actually committed suicide. This is confirmed by a telephone to the infirmary. The family feel relieved to hear this although Sheila and Eric seem to have been influenced strongly by the evening. The others restore confidence in themselves and their actions. At this point the telephone rings and reports that a young woman had just died in the infirmary and an inspector is on his way to make inquiries regarding her death. In this play Priestley uses dramatic techniques and creates a cliff-hanger. This is done by each act ending leaving the audience to wonder what will happen next. For example the first act leaves the audience curious as to how Gerald was involved with daisy Renton. The second act leaves the audience to realise Erics involvement with Eva Smith and wonder what will happen between the end of Geralds affair with the girl and Mrs. Birlings meeting with her. The third and concluding act still leaves the audience to wonder what will happen next. The telephone call at the end reopened the question of the Inspectors identity. It also leaves the audience wondering whether it will be the same inspector who comes to question them and how events will progress this time around. The plot allows the action to flow smoothly and continually creating a sense of time and place. This is so all through the three acts where the next act would start at the same point at which the previous act had finished. The play is built of separate episodes where each character takes the lead role. Also, all actions and speeches represented something or were done for a reason. Even the entering and leaving of each character allowed new aspects of the plot to be introduced or developed. For example, Geralds decision to go for a walk allows him to alter the course of events after the inspectors departure. Also, Erics absence allows his involvement with daisy Renton and his drinking problem to be explored in a way that would not be possible by his presence. The Inspectors selective use of the diary and photograph allows the audience to know Eva Smiths order of events in the two years. Each part fits together like a jigsaw puzzle allowing the audience to understand Eva smiths feelings and helps the audience to predict what will happen in the third act.

Implications and advancements of dna (as a medical milestone) in the Essay

Implications and advancements of dna (as a medical milestone) in the future - Essay Example Some of the disorders include hemophilia, and sickle cell anemia among others. The detection enables the parents and medical staff to prepare for the upcoming treatments. Genetic counsellors also use the knowledge of DNA to advise couples on their risks of having disabled children (â€Å"nih.gov†). Medical experts are also developing new technologies that can rapidly sequence large quantities of DNA. The initial sequencing method was called Sanger, but has now undergone automation for it to work faster than before. Other DNA technologies such as STR and RFLP have erupted and will continue to erupt as long studies in DNA do not stop. The next generation sequencing technologies can sequence human DNA in a short time and at low costs (â€Å"nih.gov†). Over the last few years, the world has witnessed rapid progress in biotechnology and, in particular, the human genome project. The advancement has seen the emergence of complex datasets such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, microarray expression of cells, and genome sequencing of various species. All this has given rise to bioinformatics, a field with vast applications in the medical field (â€Å"nih.gov†). What the future holds on DNA remains a mystery, and it is only time and science that can

Icon Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Icon Analysis - Assignment Example Another important characteristic of myths is that they convey knowledge accumulated over generations. Therefore, the ‘conservativeness’ of myths is justified with regard to protecting such knowledge as well as proscribing behaviors. Myths are of several types. Myths of origin or creation myths are supernatural stories or explanations describing the beginning of humanity, earth, life and universe. The creation is often perceived as a deliberate act of deities (Leeming, 2002). Myths of eschatology emphasize destruction and death. Myths of culture heroes are more or less prominent in all societies and cultures. Myths of celestial gods and deities occur in many mythologies, especially in folk culture where myths are regarded as sacred narratives. The presence of myths can be comprehended in present day context too. For instance, the myth of the American dream is apparently visible in myriad spheres of American lifestyle. The myth of American dream dominates most of the American panorama right from its literature, plays, television shows, to music, games, novels, and most specifically, movies. The idea of American dream is rooted on the attainment of social equality and influence by all individuals irrespective of race, community, class and religion. However, it is a myth advocating that the socio-economic structure of the nation is not in equilibrium as the rich are getting richer and the poor poorer. The main components of the myth of American dream are: dishonesty, superficiality and deceit. The myth is considerably dealt in Arthur Miller’s most celebrated play Death of a Salesman. Here, the protagonist is fixated with the superficiality of the comforts of life so much in the false hope that his American dream will be fulfilled without hard work and honesty. Failure to face the harsh reality of the deceitful world of business as well as to realize the true world sans imagination brings the end of his American dream. His

Effective Business Communication Routines Essay

Effective Business Communication Routines - Essay Example In practice, communication is an unavoidable venture in running day-to-day business and, therefore, the way communication is to be done must be effective in disseminating the message. It is worth noting that communication is a process that involves delivery of messages from the sender to the recipient and back. In both ways, the message delivered should have qualities such as clarity, accuracy, brevity, preciseness, and sensitivity to needs and emotions of the recipients. (Belch &Belch, 1993). Stacks and Salwen (2008) stated that efficient communication is subject to regulation by specific moral values. Business ethics control a companies’ course of action as per the accepted moral standards and principles. Ethics are applicable to the way a company relates to the customer and the society as a whole. Stacks and Salwen (2008) further, added that ethics in business language refers to the practical use of regulations, values, and set standards of discipline related to a business setup. Ethics act as a guide to business behavior and order that propels the business in the right direction. This order controls preparation of documents and fosters good relationship between employees and clients. This relationship is fostered when communication is done effectively and positively leaving no chances to arrogance in routine messages and replies (Stacks & Salwen, 2008). In order to prepare an effective business communication message, there is a need to apply the three-step process of writing routine positive messages and replies. Body Nearly all communication activities performed by officers in a business firm can be viewed in two perspectives: Firstly, all communications dealing with real work for instance contacting business clients. Secondly, communication actions dealing with internal issues for example communicating across departments or management. Internal communication is divided into two parts: Important communication, whereby a new message with an attached value is passed for instance an answer or resolution to a puzzling problem, talks, team consultations, and planning. The other part of internal communication is routine which includes; submitting reports and assignments to relevant departments and authorities, sharing experiences in the face of a problem or a challenge just to mention a few. This paper focuses on Routine Replies and Positive Messages a sub section of internal communication (Guffey & Almonte, 2008). The letter below is an example of a complain letter to the accounts department in a business firm whose services were not satisfactory. It follows the three-step progression of writing routine positive messages (Bovee & Thill, 2008). The tone is professional, expects a fair adjustment and all correspondents has been documented. It comprises of three parts delivering the message, which are; Problem statement in the first paragraph, Details of the letter, and explanation of the problem in the second paragraph and action or solution expected in the third paragraph. Managing director, Print Point Company, 8452 Green valley. February 1, 2012. To: The chief accountant, Accounts department, Dear Sir, RE: DEPARTMENTAL COMPLAINTS As someone who has worked with this firm for a long time, the board was very dissatisfied with the quality of work done by your department in the last financial year. We expected you to

Art me&mrs andrews the artist is Gainsborough Research Paper

Art me&mrs andrews the artist is Gainsborough - Research Paper Example Next to the man is a dog. The couple is posing next to a wheat farm. The skies are gray and the picture is dark. The man and woman appear to be composed. A flock of sheep can be seen in the far background. Careful inspection of the woman reveals that this painting may be incomplete. It looks as if there is a space where she was supposed to be holding a baby (ITP 276: Mr and Mrs Andrews by Thomas Gainsborough, 14 August 2005). The dark clouds and bright foreground of the painting indicate that the painting was done when it was about to rain. The rifle and dog could possibly mean that the man hunts for sport. The dog seems to be tugging at the man’s clothes. The couple is wearing fine clothes, an indication that they could be wealthy. The painting makes me feel calm, because the countryside imagery is fresh and inviting. If I were in the picture, I would have felt relaxed and free. Looking at it, I can hear the bleating of sheep. Gainsborough chose this setting probably because he was a painter of sceneries and nature. The location also enables him to capture the distant features of the countryside. The artist was probably most impressed by the sheep in the background, because he seems to have painted the subjects in such a way as to leave ample space for the sheep to be

Martin Luther's Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Martin Luther's Reformation - Essay Example An ecclesiastical reformer, Luther was born in 1483 and baptized on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours. He was sent to schools in Mansfeld, Magdeburg and Eisenach. After finishing his Master's degree in 1505 from the University of Erfurt, Luther enrolled in law school. He had to leave law school that same year, however, because he encountered a miracle of God during a thunderstorm. As a lightning bolt struck near to him, he cried out, "Help, Saint Anne! I'll become a monk!" His life was spared, so Luther left law school to enter a monastery. Leaving law school to enter monastery was a huge change in young Luther's life. He had to believe with all his heart that God had saved him and wished for him to turn to His law instead. Studious as he was, Luther delved into God's ways with total concentration. He realized that man's reason was enough as law. Thus, the concept of sovereign selfhood was reborn after Christ. Luther's law has been referred to as a lawless law given that it refers to the free mind needing no set of rigid laws to abide by. The theologian believed that universal law was written on the heart of man, and rigid reminders to follow it - as in the case of public law - were foolish at best (Bork). In effect, Luther's concept of sovereign selfhood had to do with being one with Christ, and this was absolutely logical from the point of view of a servant of God who had had the Gospels seep into himself. Luther first came into contact with the humanists, especially Melanchthon, Reuchlin, and Erasmus, at the time of the disputation of Leipzig in 1519. It was humanism, in fact, that had compelled Luther to go to the sources, that is, the Scriptures to find the truth for himself. Luther immersed himself in the study of the Bible. He also had to know about the early Church before terms like penance and righteousness could take on new meaning for him. The great theologian was convinced that the Church had lost sight of essential facts from the Scriptures; that, in truth, every servant of God is potentially the Son of Man. The Scriptures now told him clearly: the doctrine of justification by faith alone had been particularly ignored by the Church. Luther also began to teach at this time that salvation is only a gift of God's grace through Jesus Christ, and this gift is received entirely by faith. Martin Luther was one of the inspirations for the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. In the year 1517, the man had posted 95 theses on a church door as an invitation to debate. Luther was challenging certain portion of the Roman Catholic doctrine and number of specific practices. From the church door in Wittenberg, the movement gained adherents in the German states, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland and parts of France. Change was called for, and even before Luther, prominent personalities such as John Wycliffe (1330-84) and John Huss (1369-1415) had raised their voice. Could one look at the Address to the Christian Nobility as a repudiation of the Fourth Lateran Council How and why What were the consequences of this address for lay-church relations and how did it affect the rise of the early modern state What role did Calvin's doctrine play in the development of early European political theory Luther's Address to the Christian Nobility of the German nation opens with the words: The Romanists,

Effective Business Communication Routines Essay

Effective Business Communication Routines - Essay Example In practice, communication is an unavoidable venture in running day-to-day business and, therefore, the way communication is to be done must be effective in disseminating the message. It is worth noting that communication is a process that involves delivery of messages from the sender to the recipient and back. In both ways, the message delivered should have qualities such as clarity, accuracy, brevity, preciseness, and sensitivity to needs and emotions of the recipients. (Belch &Belch, 1993). Stacks and Salwen (2008) stated that efficient communication is subject to regulation by specific moral values. Business ethics control a companies’ course of action as per the accepted moral standards and principles. Ethics are applicable to the way a company relates to the customer and the society as a whole. Stacks and Salwen (2008) further, added that ethics in business language refers to the practical use of regulations, values, and set standards of discipline related to a business setup. Ethics act as a guide to business behavior and order that propels the business in the right direction. This order controls preparation of documents and fosters good relationship between employees and clients. This relationship is fostered when communication is done effectively and positively leaving no chances to arrogance in routine messages and replies (Stacks & Salwen, 2008). In order to prepare an effective business communication message, there is a need to apply the three-step process of writing routine positive messages and replies. Body Nearly all communication activities performed by officers in a business firm can be viewed in two perspectives: Firstly, all communications dealing with real work for instance contacting business clients. Secondly, communication actions dealing with internal issues for example communicating across departments or management. Internal communication is divided into two parts: Important communication, whereby a new message with an attached value is passed for instance an answer or resolution to a puzzling problem, talks, team consultations, and planning. The other part of internal communication is routine which includes; submitting reports and assignments to relevant departments and authorities, sharing experiences in the face of a problem or a challenge just to mention a few. This paper focuses on Routine Replies and Positive Messages a sub section of internal communication (Guffey & Almonte, 2008). The letter below is an example of a complain letter to the accounts department in a business firm whose services were not satisfactory. It follows the three-step progression of writing routine positive messages (Bovee & Thill, 2008). The tone is professional, expects a fair adjustment and all correspondents has been documented. It comprises of three parts delivering the message, which are; Problem statement in the first paragraph, Details of the letter, and explanation of the problem in the second paragraph and action or solution expected in the third paragraph. Managing director, Print Point Company, 8452 Green valley. February 1, 2012. To: The chief accountant, Accounts department, Dear Sir, RE: DEPARTMENTAL COMPLAINTS As someone who has worked with this firm for a long time, the board was very dissatisfied with the quality of work done by your department in the last financial year. We expected you to

Martin Luther's Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Martin Luther's Reformation - Essay Example An ecclesiastical reformer, Luther was born in 1483 and baptized on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours. He was sent to schools in Mansfeld, Magdeburg and Eisenach. After finishing his Master's degree in 1505 from the University of Erfurt, Luther enrolled in law school. He had to leave law school that same year, however, because he encountered a miracle of God during a thunderstorm. As a lightning bolt struck near to him, he cried out, "Help, Saint Anne! I'll become a monk!" His life was spared, so Luther left law school to enter a monastery. Leaving law school to enter monastery was a huge change in young Luther's life. He had to believe with all his heart that God had saved him and wished for him to turn to His law instead. Studious as he was, Luther delved into God's ways with total concentration. He realized that man's reason was enough as law. Thus, the concept of sovereign selfhood was reborn after Christ. Luther's law has been referred to as a lawless law given that it refers to the free mind needing no set of rigid laws to abide by. The theologian believed that universal law was written on the heart of man, and rigid reminders to follow it - as in the case of public law - were foolish at best (Bork). In effect, Luther's concept of sovereign selfhood had to do with being one with Christ, and this was absolutely logical from the point of view of a servant of God who had had the Gospels seep into himself. Luther first came into contact with the humanists, especially Melanchthon, Reuchlin, and Erasmus, at the time of the disputation of Leipzig in 1519. It was humanism, in fact, that had compelled Luther to go to the sources, that is, the Scriptures to find the truth for himself. Luther immersed himself in the study of the Bible. He also had to know about the early Church before terms like penance and righteousness could take on new meaning for him. The great theologian was convinced that the Church had lost sight of essential facts from the Scriptures; that, in truth, every servant of God is potentially the Son of Man. The Scriptures now told him clearly: the doctrine of justification by faith alone had been particularly ignored by the Church. Luther also began to teach at this time that salvation is only a gift of God's grace through Jesus Christ, and this gift is received entirely by faith. Martin Luther was one of the inspirations for the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. In the year 1517, the man had posted 95 theses on a church door as an invitation to debate. Luther was challenging certain portion of the Roman Catholic doctrine and number of specific practices. From the church door in Wittenberg, the movement gained adherents in the German states, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland and parts of France. Change was called for, and even before Luther, prominent personalities such as John Wycliffe (1330-84) and John Huss (1369-1415) had raised their voice. Could one look at the Address to the Christian Nobility as a repudiation of the Fourth Lateran Council How and why What were the consequences of this address for lay-church relations and how did it affect the rise of the early modern state What role did Calvin's doctrine play in the development of early European political theory Luther's Address to the Christian Nobility of the German nation opens with the words: The Romanists,

To Build a Fire Essay Example for Free

To Build a Fire Essay The Yukon setting in To Build a Fire is used by the author, Jack London, as a sort of shorthand whereby even the most casual of readers will be able to understand the potential lethality and bodily danger such a wilderness presents to the main character of the story,   an understanding which is essential to the storys overall theme, plot, and impact. The Yukon setting is also important because it provides and underlying motivation for the storys protagonist, a   newcomer in the land, a chechaquo to be in such a hostile environment in the first place: profit. The all-too-familiar lure of profit, for gold or for other salable resources forms an underlying motivation for the storys protagonist who is bound for the old claim on the left fork of Henderson Creek, where the boys were already and the protagonist himself is going the roundabout way to take a look at the possibilities of getting out logs in the spring from the islands in the Yukon all of which begs the question: why is a newcomer choosing to go it alone in the Yukon? (London, 1998, p. 342)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This central question forms the fulcrum upon which the theme and plot of the story turn. Because the reader will immediately fear for the fate of the protagonist, from the opening paragraphs of the story, a sense of suspense and character-sympathy is generated. However, in order for reader identification with the protagonist to genuinely take hold, it is necessary for London to reveal just a bit more of the protagonists internal state, his personality, beliefs and flaws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   The following information about the protagonist is revealed on the first page of the story:   But all this-the mysterious, far-reaching hair-line trail, the absence of sun from the sky, the cold, and the strangeness and weirdness of it allmade no impression on the man. It was not because he was long used to it   but because he was without imagination and therefore unable to extrapolate from the immediate moment to the probable future. in other words he was unable to understand or visualize the possible consequences of his actions or decisions.  Ã‚   (London 341,42)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such a disadvantage is less of a liability when it pertains to certain logistical capacities, which the character, indeed, uses in a futile attempt to build a fire and escape his own death as the perils in the story increase. The protagonist is quick and alert in the things of life, but only in the things, and not in the significances; so, to him, Fifty degrees below zero meant eighty-odd degrees of frost and nothing more. He may acknowledge that the conditions are cold and uncomfortable but these realizations fail to alert within him an sense of his frailty as a creature of temperature, and upon mans frailty in general, and this seems to indicate that London intends the protagonist of his story to stand, in some ways, for the entire human race: in ecological terms, out of balance with nature and oblivious to the consequences of ingenuity and technology (London,   342).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The revelation of the characters internal flaw increases reader-identification and sympathy, which is essential to the unfolding of the storys climax and thematic resolution. Because London intends the story to function in some ways as a cautionary tale about the perilous consequences of humanity exploiting nature and living out of harmony with nature,   the reader must be lured into identifying with the storys protagonist as deeply as is possible. london accomplishes this by allowing the protagonists ingenuity, intelligence, and determination to win several small victories along the way to the storys tragic resolution. Each time the protagonist is able to think his way to a temporary solution to his challenges and deathly obstacles, the reader is led to identify more intensely with him and root for his victory over indifferent nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In effect, London is leading the reader to root for humanity as represented by the storys protagonist: the reader is encouraged when the storys protagonist manages to build a fire against all the odds and begin the process of thawing out his clothes and body; the reader is deeply disappointed and fearful when a small shingle of snow falls on that fire, extinguishing it and with it, all realistic hope of the protagonists survival. Because the reader has been led to identify deeply wit the protagonist, and with his logistical abilities and even his hard headed realism, this even in the story, the extinguishing of the protagonists fire, lands a symbolically charged blow right on the readers sense of pride in humanity, revealing that the protagonists previously identified flaw: lack of imagination, is actually a variant of pride or self-absorption. In this way, London makes it clear that the human races reliance upon science, technology, capitalism, and pride are the very aspects which bring about a discord with nature. This discord is not portrayed as being merely unfortunate, but it is revealed as being the kiss of death, of extinction, for humanity and all of humanitys achievements. these vast aspects are personalized through the story and demonstrated in microcosm through the sue of symbolic imagery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Londons story is intended not only to engage each individual reader but also the collective of humanity as a whole. The themes of To Build a Fire are universal. I have personally been guilty of pride with disastrous consequence on many occasions; it remains to be seen whether or not the ecological aspects of this story will play a constructive or merely ironic role in determining my own future behavior or the behavior of the human race in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited London, Jack. The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and Other Stories. Ed. Earle Labor and Robert   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. Leitz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Role Of Concurrent Engineering Information Technology Essay

Role Of Concurrent Engineering Information Technology Essay Concurrent engineering is basically a product development method and is quite different from the traditional development approach as it employs simultaneous rather than sequential process. The companies implementing CE feel that by completing tasks in parallel product development is accomplished more efficiently and it also saves cost. This is basically a management philosophy and any organization or company can implement this whether it small, medium or large. This is a systematic approach to the integrated concurrent design of products and their related processes including manufacture and support. The work is done through cross functional teams in which engineers and managers of different disciplines work together simultaneously in developing product and process design. Basic motive of this approach is that it cause the developers from the outset to consider all elements of the product life cycle from concept disposal which includes terms like quality, cost, schedule and user requirements. Concurrent engineering process is also known as iterative development method. It requires continual review of a teams progress and frequent revision of project plans. The rationale behind this creative thinking is forward looking approach which is beneficial because errors can be discovered easily and they are less costly to correct at initial stages. How to know whether the concurrent engineering is for a particular company or not? The following factors help to determine this:- If the company faces any kind of below given problem:- If there is competitive pressure to develop new products. If there exists any kind of delays in product launch. Budget of developing product is higher than acceptable. Customer requirements are not known clearly. No transfer of knowledge from one product development project to the next. Any kind of shifting of responsibility for product development from one function to another. Above were the factors that enable us to determine that whether the company requires adopting the process of concurrent engineering for product development or not. It is very important to know that whether the company has ability to implement the process in there company. Belows are the factors that help to learn that whether the organization will be able to implement the required process in there company or not. Is there willingness to change for improvement in the company? Is senior management that committed and dedicated to work? Able to encourage and support team work. DIAGRAMMTIC REPRESENTATION PRODUCT SPECIFICATION MARKETING CONCEPT ENGINEERI-NG DESIGN CONCURRENT PROCESS DETAIL ENGINEERI-NG DESIGN BUILD PRODUCT ENGINEERING TEST TEST ENGINEERING MANUFACTURE PURCHASING SELL SALES The above mentioned is the diagrammatic representation of process which includes product specification, concept, details, build-up, testing, manufacturing and selling too. The processes as shown in the diagram are two way processes errors are also simultaneously checked as thus its name is concurrent process. Key features of concurrent engineering DESCRIPTION OF CE This is a systematic approach to the integrated product development which emphasizes response to customer expectations and embodies team values of cooperation, trust and sharing in such a manner that decision making proceeds with large intervals of parallel working by all life-cycle perspectives synchronized, by comparatively brief exchanges. INCLUSIONS Things are done simultaneously Process is the main focus Company is open to change Needs of customers, suppliers, quality control, marketing, sales and manufacturers are balanced and prioritized. GOALS OF CE Great competition Leads to improved profits Sales and profits from new products are raised Leads to reduction of human and capital costs Maintains or increases product quality Promotes team spirit and different departments come together SCOPE OF CE The process change is implemented within 1-2 years. Involvement of people with stakes in new products Focus is basically on process improvements. STRATERGIC BENEFITS OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING CE is a management philosophy which is dedicated to the improvement of customer satisfaction through improved quality and reduced costs. The development time also reduces. Time to market also reduces and leads to reconciliation of conflicting requirements in product development. DIFFICULTIES IN IMPLEMENTATION Below are the difficulties which companies normally face while implementing CE:- Implementation is a major challenge. Cross functional change initiatives have high rates of failures. It involves radical cultural change in an area that is extremely complex and pressurized. If management does not support the employees or there is inadequate reward systems or say customers or supplier involvement is not good. Computer aided designs and tools are no available. If there are inadequate training and expertise. If company faces difficulty in managing or controlling technical processes. SUCCESS FACTORS IN IMPLEMENTING CE Pilot projects Change agents Team enrolment Team engagement Gaining commitment of functional managers Realignment of organizational processes and structures. PILOT PROJECTS These projects are a popular way to achieve radical changes to current working practices on small organization, where conditions are controlled and are managed by seniors or project leaders. Introduction of pilot projects was done to reduce the scale of initial changes within organization and also to evaluate potential impact. By this method high levels of implementation cost, risk and time can be reduced. There are two sub-components of pilot projects. The first one is concerned with selection of right pilot. It is easier to select the appropriate project such that it is easy to demonstrate as success. But what happens in some organizations is that senior management is under time constraints and also sometimes the next project is classified as project. There are organizations that select pilot projects that are of low risk to organization and this is mainly done to reduce overall failure. The second sub component deals with the visibility and promotion of the project within the internal organization. Mostly the organizations consider pilot project as high profile. This leads to organizations profit margins, creates newness to market and senior managements efforts in internally symbolizing the project by the usage of posters, newsletters and all these activities improves overall competitive market position. CHANGE AGENTS Change agents demonstrate the senior management understanding of the amount of time and effort required in implementation of concurrent engineering successfully. Internal change agents include engineering champions, product champions, and organized change teams of individual from different levels of the organization containing both part time and full time members. Some have hierarchical change agents. It helps to change peoples values and behaviors. TEAM ENROLMENT Concurrent engineering involves the process of bringing together knowledge and expertise from different areas in early phases of product development process. Team development leads to improvement of informal communication and functional integration. The team members and leaders selection is done in informal and unstructured manner. This involves two important processes; team engagement is the very first process includes how team members and leaders are selected and how they are located to work as a team unit. The second process is of empowering the team to carry out its product development activities successfully. The two main elements are assignment of new roles and responsibilities for team members and leaders. TEAM ENGAGEMENT Tenure of Team Leader and Team Member Functional skills and expertise are not required at a consistent level throughout the project and in most organizations the combination of full-time and part time team members. Collocation The permanent collocation of core team members from different functional departments and the team leaders and dispersion of the extended team members was the most prevalent method of improving multi-disciplinary interaction. TEAM EMPOWERMENT Team empowerment incorporates clarifying team leaders and roles of team members and their responsibilities. Sometimes team leaders roles and responsibilities are generated through forma methods. The main purpose is to clarify the team members and leaders their roles and responsibilities within team working environment. In some of the organizations this is done basically to keep the employees focused and thus help them achieve there objective. This proves to be quite beneficial in the two early product development stages that are product specification and project plan. GAINING COMMITMENT OF FUNCTIONAL MANAGERS In organizations senior management and internal change agents tended to use functional managers to gain information. In some of the cases educators and informants of concurrent engineering are assigned home functions. REALIGNMENT OF ORGANISATIONAL PROCESSES AND STRUCTURES The changes are implemented in following areas:- Introduction to process improvement teams Education and training for teams Reward and recognition system Methods to transfer team knowledge EXTRA ROLES OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING Over the last few years, there are many government sponsored and intiated studies have highlighted the need for the improvement of efficiency and competitiveness of the UK construction industry. This is done because it leads to reduce costs, project durations, improved quality, project procurement practices that are used in UK construction industry. It brings together multi disciplinary teams in which project developers from different areas work together and parallel. These cross functional contains systems engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, systems producibility. This process incorporates everything also the purchasing, marketing, production, quality assurance, the field and other functional groups. The implementation of CE involves three main areas which are people, process and technology. It includes major organizational changes because it requires the integration of people, business methods and technology. It has greater role in concurrent engineering in Weapon System Acquisition. There is greater role of concurrent engineering in human resource management. It is useful as a collaborative method for educational projects in engineering education. Role in education project is that it helps in setting up clear goal and define project boundaries for students and teachers, it helps define good structures for information handling, especially for supervisors and introduce a client role that continuously could define project requirements. There is greater role of concurrent engineering in the purchasing power. Companies that have implemented concurrent engineering report that they are producing higher quality products at lower costs and in less time than they were able to previously. It involves self management and leadership. CE plays an important role in product modeling. It also plays a vital role in system engineering management. EXAMPLES OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING General electric aircraft engines divisions uses concurrent engineering for the development of engine. The teams achieved greater percentage reductions in design and procurement cycle times during full scale component tests. Second example is that of Boeings Ballistic Systems Division where concurrent engineering was used in 1988 to develop a mobile launcher and was able to reduce design by 40% and cost by 10% in building proto-type. Third example can be of Polaroids Corps Captiva instant camera which is again the result of concurrent engineering. ADVANTAGES Concurrent engineering practitioners claim that this design management system offers several benefits. Concurrent Engineering leads to: Improved customer satisfaction Improved quality Reduced cost Reduced new product development time Reduced time to market DISADVANTAGES There are some drawbacks associated with the initial implementation of concurrent engineering, including the need for considerable organizational restructuring and extensive retraining of workers. Such potentially disruptive changes and added work requirements may be met with resistance from managers and other employees. Also, there are usually considerable difficulties in transferring data among employees in different departments, which may require the additional tracking software applications. In addition to these significant up-front investments, organizations pursuing a concurrent engineering work model must typically wait several years before seeing the benefits of this transition.

Comparing Lord Dunsany’s Two Bottles of Relish and James Thurber’s Secr

A Comparison of Lord Dunsany’s Two Bottles of Relish and James Thurber’s Secret Life of Walter Mitty â€Å"The Two Bottles of Relish,† by Lord Dunsany, written in 1932, tells the story of Smithers, a relish vendor and London resident, in his quest to sell his product, Num-numo and, along with his new roommate, Linley, solve the murder of Nancy Elth. The 1942 short story â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,† by James Thurber, documents the fantasies of ordinary man Walter Mitty as he attempts to escape his mundane life. Both Smithers and Mitty have low self-esteem and are ambitious in different ways, but they differ in imagination. Both Smithers and Mitty have low opinions of themselves and permit others to push them around. Smithers shows his feelings of inferiority when he readily admits, â€Å"I’m what you might call a small man and in a small way of business†(42). He acknowledges his low opinion of his work of selling relish when he says, â€Å" . . . it is quite easy to push . . . I wouldn’t have gotten the job if it weren’t†(42). Smithers concedes that Mr. Linley is superior when Smithers agrees to sleep in the hall to be out of Linley’s way and to do the leg work to get the clues so that Linley can solve the murder. Walter Mitty exposes his feelings of inadequacy as he remembers bungling the removal of chains from his tires and having to pay a mechanic to correct his mistake. He is totally managed by his wife which is proven when she orders him to buy overshoes, and when he protests, she continues to put him down by saying, â€Å" ‘Weâ₠¬â„¢ve been through that . . . You’re not a young man any longer’†(273). Mitty further demonstrates his inability to stand up for himself when he tolerates being given orders ... ...g†(52). Also, Smithers has all the facts that he needs to solve the murder after he goes to Unge, but his lack of mind’s eye prevents him from solving the murder. Mitty’s imagination allows him to escape into fantasy, and Smither’s lack of imagination keeps him ordinary. Smithers and Mitty feel inadequate and are ambitious in different ways; however, they differ greatly in their use of imagination. Smither’s characteristics result in an ordinary man; Mitty’s traits result in a man who arouses sympathy. Works Cited Plunkett, J. M. D. â€Å"The Two Bottles of Relish.† 1932. 21 Great Stories. Ed. Abraham H. Lass and Norma L. Tasman. New York: Mentor, 1969. 42-55. Thurber, James. â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.† 1942. 21 Great Stories. Ed. Abraham H.Lass and Norma L. Tasman. New York: Mentor, 1969. 272-277.

Mozarts Life ( Brief Summary) :: essays research papers

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is often referred to as the greatest musical genius of all time in Western musical tradition. His creative method was extraordinary: his writings show that he almost always wrote a complete composition mentally before finally writing it on paper. Mozart created 600 works in his short life of 35 years. His works included 16 operas, 41 symphonies, 27 piano concerti, and 5 violin concerti, 25 string quartets, and 19 masses. Mozart was born on Jan. 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria. His father was Leopold Mozart, a composer and a popular violinist. Mozart received his early musical training from his father. At the early age of 3 Mozart showed signs of being a musical genius. Then, at the age of five Mozart started composing. Beginning in 1762 Mozart’s father took young Mozart and his older sister, Maria Anna, on tours in Europe where they played the piano, harpsichord, violin, and organ, together and separately. Mozart learned to play the piano, harpsichord, and violin from his father. He gave public concerts and played at numerous courts and received several commissions. As an adult Mozart his career was not as successful as when he was younger. But he kept on composing anyway hoping one people would appreciate his work. He lived in poverty for the great majority of his life. In 1769 he became a concertmaster to the archbishop of Salzburg, which was another one of his jobs that afforded him little financial security. In 1777, he left on another concert tour. But, the courts of Europe ignored Mozart ‘s search for a more beneficial assignment. In 1782 he earned a living by selling compositions, giving public performances, and giving music lessons, which once again was a low paying job. The composer never did find a well paying job. The bizarre thing was is that even that he had ton of trouble finding jobs, he was still considered one of the leading composers of the late 1700s. Mozart became ill suffering from headaches and fever for several months. Mozart was under the illusion that he was to write music for his funeral.

Science for Shaping the Future of India

The theme of this Congress, `Science for Shaping the Future of India`, reflects the dream of every generation of Indian scientists. Faster growth over the next few decades, more sustainable development based on food and energy security, and socio-economic inclusion made possible by rapid growth of basic social services, such as education and health, are all crucial for defining India’s future. Science, technology and innovation all have an important role to play in achieving these objectives.Science and technology development have been central to the phenomenal material advancement and efficiency in the use of resources seen in the last hundred years. The pace of change has only accelerated in the last few decades, as globalization and new technology have enhanced people’s access to knowledge and their ability to leverage it through collaboration. India has benefited from this epochal transformation by embracing these trends. Since technological changes typically emanat e from established structures, they may at times re-inforce them and inhibit the advancement of equity and equality.As India seeks a sustained growth of its national income, we must endeavour to harness the tools of science to cater to the needs of the underprivileged and to bridge the gap between the haves and the have-nots. Nearly 65 percent of our people live in rural areas. The increase in their living standards depends greatly on the growth of agricultural production and productivity. The Twelfth Five Year Plan assumes that a sustained growth of our agriculture at the rate of 4 percent per annum is essential for the achievement of food security for our country.This growth is constrained by shortages of water and also of land. We need new breakthroughs in water-saving technologies of cultivation, enhancement of land productivity and development of climate-resilient varieties. This transformation of agriculture must be the top priority concern of our public policies, including sc ience and technology policies. In keeping with the theme of this Congress, the question naturally arises as to what we should do to build our future through science? I would like to share a few ideas.First, we must, as a society, enhance the spread of what Jawaharlal Nehru used to describe as the scientific temper. Our younger generations must adopt a science-based value-system in order to benefit from what science can offer and to make up for lost time. Complex issues, be they genetically modified food or nuclear energy or exploration of outer space, cannot be settled by faith, emotion and fear but by structured debate, analysis and enlightenment. A scientific approach and understanding of these issues are therefore as vital as our core scientific capabilities.For this, we must invest in popularizing science, not only in our schools and colleges – as we are doing through the INSPIRE programme – but also in our homes, workplaces and communities through all available co mmunication methods, like the high-speed optical fibre National Knowledge Network. Eventually, science must help in establishing an inclusive society that seeks to solve major social problems through the application of science. Second, our scholarship and research must be informed by a keen awareness of our basic social and economic realities.Given the limited resources that we, as a nation, are able to devote to scientific research, it is imperative that we give priority to meeting those challenges which are fundamental to the transformation of our economy. I have already referred to the need to transform India’s agriculture. But there are other equally valid concerns as well which require priority attention. The quest for energy security, sanitation, provision of safe drinking water, labour intensive manufactures and universal healthcare at affordable cost are other areas of high priority concern.Our effort should be to carve out a niche for India’s leadership in som e of these areas. Indian industry must play an active part in this process through in-house research centres and, more importantly, through enhanced academia-industry interaction. Third, a holistic organizational approach is essential. There was a time when science took a lonely road, driven by individual enterprise rather than collective effort. This is sub-optimal in the innovation and knowledge-intensive world that is empowering the growth process today.We need cross-fertilization of disciplines and synergy among stakeholders. Government-sponsored research must be supplemented by research in private labs. Academic and research systems must foster innovation and entrepreneurship and therefore link up with those interested in commercial development. In the last few years, we have taken some policy measures in this direction. We have encouraged sharing of and access to Government-owned data for research.We have also created new mechanisms like Innovation Complexes, Technology Busine ss Incubator and Innovation Universities in an effort to bring about convergence of interests among the various players in science. Fourth, international collaboration is vital for increasingly resource-intensive modern science to progress. Economic liberalization and economic growth over the last several years have made it possible for our scientists to collaborate meaningfully and confidently in the international arena.Let me cite only two outstanding examples. There was significant Indian collaboration with the European Centre for Nuclear Research on the Large Hadron Collider, which led to the discovery of what is believed to be the elusive Higgs boson. The other example is our work with a select group of countries on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. We must partner not only with established leaders in science and technology, but also with emerging innovation powerhouses, many of them in our region.We must also offer our expertise to our neighbours for collec tive prosperity and progress. Finally, the quality of our scientific institutions will depend upon the quality of the students we can attract into science, the freedom we give them in pursuing scientific research and the human resource policies we follow in selecting leaders. We must select only the best and we must expand our search to the many Indian scientists abroad who may wish to return to India at least for some years.The solution of even the simplest of problems related to humanity’s pressing needs often requires first-rate fundamental research. During the last eight years, we have tried to fill this gap by expanding the infrastructure of our scientific research and innovation. We have established five new Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, eight new Indian Institutes of Technology, sixteen new Central Universities, ten new National Institutes of Technology, six new R&D institutions in the field of biotechnology and five institutions in other branche s.It is my hope that all this will significantly raise the quality of scientific research in our country. Given that science-led innovation is the key to development, the National Innovation Council has also brought the domain of innovation to the foreground, helping translation of knowledge into usable solutions. The Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013 released here today aspires to position India among the top five global scientific powers by the year 2020. It is an ambitious goal.It aims to produce and nurture talent in science, to stimulate research in our universities, to develop young leaders in the field of science, to reward performance, to create a policy environment for greater private sector participation in research and innovation and to forge international alliances and collaborations to meet the national agenda. The Twelfth Five Year Plan, which was approved by the NDC a few days ago, outlines a number of initiatives which will make this possible.An importan t step in this direction in the Eleventh Plan was the establishment of the National Science and Engineering Research Board as an autonomous funding body. As pointed out in the Twelfth Plan, this institution proposes to invest in researches of proven track record and establish about 200 to 250 centres based on a grant model with performance reward linkages. I would like to conclude by recalling Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore’s immortal lines in which he prayed for a future India where, among other things, a â€Å"clear stream of reason† would prevail.I am confident that, in the next five days, this confluence of leading lights of science from home and abroad will throw up useful ideas on how science will shape the future of India. As the Indian Science Congress crosses another milestone, let us pledge to keep alive the passion of its architects for truth that is eternal and beautiful and their dream to lead India to greater heights of knowledge. Let me also take this occas ion to wish all those gathered here a very Happy New Year. †

How Effective Is Cooling Down

?How effective is sweating at cooling you down? DC The temperature of each test tube that contains water which had different conditions that was measured each minute Temperature (Â ±0. 05 Â °C) Minute Dry Dry/Windy Wet Wet/Windy 1 77 82 70 76 2 75 80 64 70 3 72 76 59 65 4 69 73 55 60 5 67 71 53 57 6 65 68 50 53 7 64 66 48 51 8 63 64 46 48 9 61 61 44 46 10 59 60 42 44 11 58 58 41 43 12 56 56 40 41 13 55 55 39 40 14 54 53 38 38 15 53 52 37 37 (All number is put into one whole number) DCP The percentage change of the temperature of each test tube that contains water which had different conditions that was measured each minute + average percentage change Percentage change in temperature (Â ±0. 5 %) Trials Dry Dry/Windy Wet Wet/Windy 1 27 34 31 67 2 31 37 47 51 3 29 60 4 34 32 61 75 5 37 42 52 62 6 31 53 7 35 41 57 63 8 29 39 53 60 9 35 38 61 70 10 37 43 57 54 11 30 36 52 60 Average 32 38 53 62 (All number is put into one whole number) Calculations: Percentage Change in temperature: (Final-Initial)/Final x 100 = % change Initial Data chosen: Dry; Final=53, initial=79. 9-53/79 x 100 = 33% Average percent change in temperature: The sum of all percent changes in temperature for dry / the number of percentages 27 + 31 + 29 + 34 + 37 + 31 + 35 + 29 + 35 + 37 + 30/11 = -32% average percent change in temperature Conclusion The experiment was designed to investigate how sweating is effective on cooling you down. Four test tubes containing water that was all in different condit ions of one being a normal test tube covered in newspaper, the same but was blown with a fan, a wet test tube covered in newspaper and the same one that was blown with a fan. For fifteen minutes, the temperature of the water in the test tube is measured every minute. The results above have shown that the test tube that was covered with dry newspaper’s percentage change is not that great from the original to the final temperature, as it is only 32%. As wind is blown to the same dry newspaper test tube, the percentage change of the temperature increase, being 38%. When it comes to the test tube covered with the wet newspaper the percentage change increase much more with a 53 % change. The highest percentage change, with 62% is the test tube that was covered with wet newspaper and blown by the wind. In theory, as our body heats up over the normal temperature, our body senses that there is an increase in heat, therefore it releases heat as sweat to cool us down. This is monitored by a part of our brain called the hypothalamus which monitors the temperature of blood in our body. The hypothalamus sends signals when our blood temperature increases or decreases. It sends signals because there is a change in levels, this called negative feedback. The signals sent is then carried by neurons to other parts of the body, this process happens by the arterials being widen, which then will make the blood flow through our skin. Consequently, our shunt vessels will close; the blood will then transfer heat from our body core to the skin. Thus the temperature of our skin will increase, which then eventually cause our body to sweat. Based on the results that were obtained from the data were similar to the theory, when our body is wet, the temperature changes and decreases more. Similar from the data above, the wet newspaper had a 53% changed compared to 32% dry newspaper. This indicates that when our body is wet, there is a higher chance of a larger percentage change than being dry. Same, when the wind blows to the newspaper, it made it faster for the temperature to return normal. Furthermore, the Standard Deviation error bars are not too far apart to the column thus it shows that my data is fairly accurate. Evaluation Limitations Why? Suggestion The different initial temperature of water Because the water that was poured into the test tube had different temperatures at the start, the change in temperature of each test tube aren’t constant By boiling the water in a specific temperature, so that when it is poured the temperature will be the same The layering of newspaper for each test tube When the layering of the newspaper is thick, it will keep the test tube slow down the rate of changing temperature, with a thin newspaper, it will be faster Keep the newspaper layering at the same thickness, make sure each test tube is covered in the same amount of layers Difficult to tell the temperature through the test tube/newspaper Because we can’t raise the thermometer up, there was a difficulty in reading it, as it was covered by the newspaper, so then we had to guess sometimes By layering it with something more translucent, so that it will be easier to see The different distance of the fan As there was no standards for the length of distance of the fan to the test tube, the percentage change will not be precise By making the distance from the fan to the test tube a control, thus having the same distance for each